The degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that innervate the basal ganglia
is responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been …

The basal ganglia are major targets of cortical inputs and, in turn, modulate cortical function
via their projections to the motor and prefrontal cortices. The role of the basal ganglia in …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a method in which electrical stimulation is delivered to
specific areas of the brain, is an effective treatment for managing symptoms of a number of …

Autonomously firing GABAergic neurons in the external globus pallidus (GPe) form a local
synaptic network. In slices, most GPe neurons receive a continuous inhibitory synaptic …

Understanding the neural mechanisms that control addiction processes, including drug-
seeking and relapse, is key to finding new targets for substance use disorder (SUD) …

In the classical model of the basal ganglia, direct pathway striatal projection neurons
(dSPNs) send projections to the substantia nigra (SNr) and entopeduncular nucleus to …

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central
nervous system (CNS). Most GABAergic neurons synthesize GABA from glutamate and …

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is an intractable motor complication arising in
Parkinson's disease with the progression of disease and chronic treatment of levodopa …

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter involved in physiological processes such as motor
control, motivation, reward, cognitive function, and maternal and reproductive behaviors …

Avoiding potential threats before experiencing an actual outcome is critical to prevent a
disaster. Here we examined roles of the tail of the striatum (TS) and its dopamine input in …