Definitions in relatively new fields of science need to be clearly articulated by researchers,
even if the field has yet to adopt a standard definition. In this article, we discuss the various …

The present work outlines a theory of attitudes toward emotions, provides a measure of
attitudes toward emotions, and then tests several predictions concerning relationships …

The present research tested the effect of manipulated perceived control (over obtaining the
outcomes) and effort on reward valuation using the event‐related potential known as the …

Past psychological theory and research suggest two opposing relationships between effort
and reward valuation. Cognitive dissonance theory and research suggest that increased …

The present research was designed to test whether the subjective experience of more effort
related to more reward valuation as measured by a neural response. This prediction was …

Trait anger refers to frequent and intense experiences of angry feelings (Spielberger, 1999).
It is associated with a range of biasing reward-oriented cognitive effects. Thus, individuals …

Our behavior is shaped by multiple factors, including direct feedback (seeing the outcomes
of our past actions) and social observation (in part, via a drive to conform to other peoples' …

The primary goal of the present research was to investigate the association between trait
anger and subjective pleasantness of rewards that differed in terms of evoked arousal. In the …

Previous EEG research only investigated one stage ultimatum games (UGs). We
investigated the influence of a second bargaining stage in an UG concerning behavioral …

Abstract Over 50 years ago, Jeffrey Gray proposed a state theory of The Neuropsychology of
Anxiety: An Enquiry Into the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System (NPA; Gray, 1969 …