Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different
compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes …

This review is directed at understanding how neuronal death occurs in two distinct insults,
global ischemia and focal ischemia. These are the two principal rodent models for human …

The term spreading depolarization (SD) refers to waves of abrupt, sustained mass
depolarization in gray matter of the CNS. SD, which spreads from neuron to neuron in …

Spreading depression (SD) and the related hypoxic SD-like depolarization (HSD) are
characterized by rapid and nearly complete depolarization of a sizable population of brain …

Advances in neuroimaging have enabled greater understanding of the progression of
cerebral degenerative processes associated with ageing‐related dementias. Leukoaraiosis …

Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the central nervous system. They provide
structural, trophic, and metabolic support to neurons and modulate synaptic activity …

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2.2. 2. Changes in intracellular ion concentrations 3. Energy parameters and changes
therein during increased activity, hypoglycemia and hypoxia/ischemia L 1. Alterations in …

Glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and acidosis are primary mediators of neuronal
death during ischemia and reperfusion. Astrocytes influence these processes in several …

Ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is a disease process that affects several vital organs. There
is widespread agreement that the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway plays a crucial role in the …