Bone remodeling replaces old and damaged bone with new bone through a sequence of
cellular events occurring on the same surface without any change in bone shape. It was …

Bone is an active tissue, being constantly renewed in healthy individuals with participation of
the immune system to a large extent. Any imbalance between the processes of bone …

Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the concerted actions of bone cells, which
include bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts, whereas …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

Skeletal tissue is highly innervated. Although different types of nerves have been recently
identified in the bone, the crosstalk between bone and nerves remains unclear. In this …

Highlights•Parathyroid hormone has dual anabolic and catabolic actions on the
skeleton.•The OPG–RANKL–RANK pathway is the main mediator of the catabolic actions of …

Coupling between bone formation and bone resorption refers to the process within basic
multicellular units in which resorption by osteoclasts is met by the generation of osteoblasts …

Cathepsin K is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family.
Although cathepsin K is highly expressed in osteoclasts, lower levels of cathepsin K are also …

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) exerts profound effects on skeletal homeostasis through
multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Continuous hyperparathyroidism causes net …

Bone remodeling is essential for the repair and replacement of damaged and old bone. The
major principle underlying this process is that osteoclast-mediated resorption of a quantum …