Influenza A virus is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that can cause severe
symptoms and has the potential to cause high number of deaths and great economic loss …

In this review we discuss recent progress in the development, testing, and clinical evaluation
of new vaccines against tuberculosis (TB). Over the last 20 years, tremendous progress has …

Kupffer cells (KCs) are highly abundant, intravascular, liver-resident macrophages known for
their scavenger and phagocytic functions. KCs can also present antigens to CD8+ T cells …

The responses of CD8+ T cells to hepatotropic viruses such as hepatitis B range from
dysfunction to differentiation into effector cells, but the mechanisms that underlie these …

Vaccines based on recombinant proteins avoid the toxicity and antivector immunity
associated with live vaccine (for example, viral) vectors, but their immunogenicity is poor …

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns decisively influence antiviral immune responses,
whereas the contribution of endogenous signals of tissue damage, also known as damage …

Since the discovery in 1796 by Edward Jenner of vaccinia virus as a way to prevent and
finally eradicate smallpox, the concept of using a virus to fight another virus has evolved into …

Chronic infections induce T cells showing impaired cytokine secretion and up-regulated
expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1. What determines the acquisition of this …

Vaccination is arguably the most cost-effective preventative measure against infectious
diseases. While vaccines have been successfully developed against certain viruses (eg …

Arenaviruses such as Lassa virus (LASV) can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans.
As a major impediment to vaccine development, delayed and weak neutralizing antibody …