Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise as therapeutic modalities due to their
endogenous characteristics, however, further bioengineering refinement is required to …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are produced by Gram-negative bacteria both in vitro and
in vivo. OMVs are nano-sized spherical vehicles formed by lipid bilayer membranes and …

Vaccines have been highly successful in the management of many diseases. However,
there are still numerous illnesses, both infectious and noncommunicable, for which there are …

Determining the chemical composition of biological materials is paramount to the study of
natural phenomena. Here, we describe the composition of model gram-negative outer …

The prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is on the rise as the population
ages. The presence of various obstacles, particularly the blood-brain barrier (BBB), poses a …

The O-antigen polysaccharide (O-PS) component of lipopolysaccharides on the surface of
gram-negative bacteria is both a virulence factor and a B-cell antigen. Antibodies elicited by …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the common designation for ectosomes, microparticles and
microvesicles serving dominant roles in intercellular communication. Both viable and dying …

The first, general glycosylation pathway in bacteria, the N-linked glycosylation system of
Campylobacter jejuni, was discovered two decades ago. Since then, many diverse …

Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative microorganism that exists exclusively in humans
and can cause devastating invasive disease. Although capsular polysaccharide-based …

Autotransporters are the core component of a molecular nano-machine that delivers cargo
proteins across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Part of the type V secretion …