Any time examinees have had access to items and/or answers prior to taking a test, the
fairness of the test and validity of test score interpretations are threatened. Therefore, there is …

In this study logistic regression and Lord's Chi Square methods were used to research the
items that have DIF. The study utilized Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). The …

The purpose of this study is to examine the distractors of items that exhibit differential item
functioning (DIF) across gender to explain the possible sources of DIF in the context of large …

Test fairness is one of the most critical elements in creating assessments. Differential item
functioning (DIF) and differential distractor functioning (DDF) analyses play complementary …

Multiple choice items (MCIs) are commonly used in high-stake testing and classroom
assessment because of their reliable assessment results. However, the recent literature has …

The current study investigated the effect of sample size on the number of items that show
differential functioning (DIF) and the number of distractors that also show differential …

Aberrant behavior refers to any type of unusual behavior that would not be expected under
normal circumstances. In educational and psychological testing, such behaviors have the …

Although many large-scale, high-stakes assessments are transitioning from traditional paper-
and-pencil tests to computer-based tests, some of these assessments are still offering both …

In this study logistic regression and Lord's Chi Square methods were used to research the
items that have DIF. The study utilized Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). The …