This preregistered meta-analysis theoretically and empirically integrates the two research
strands on effort gains and effort losses in teams. Theoretically, we built on Shepperd's …

Although group work has the potential to both reduce and increase the effort expenditure of
its members, effort losses (ie, reduced effort in group-versus individual work) have long been …

Group work can increase individual effort, performance, and positive affect, if group
members perceive their own contribution as indispensable for the group product. A vignette …

The present study investigated swimmers' performances on the starting and turning
segments between individual and relay races. A total number of 72 race performances of the …

Members of sports teams often differ in their individual performance capabilities. While
numerous laboratory studies have shown that especially less capable members exhibit …

Elite swimmers are individual athletes competing mostly on their own. However, when
competing in a relay team, they are exposed to social influences possibly leading to effort …

This study examined the moderating effects of efficacy beliefs and perceived indispensability
on individual efforts in early-season collegiate swimming relays. Effort changes from …

Background This study tested whether the motivation gain in groups is the result of social
compensation or the Köhler effect by examining scaled individual salaries of National …

Members of swimming relays often show effort gains in relays (ie, more effort and faster
swimming times in the relay versus the individual competition). The weakest relay members …

Swimming start has been shown to associate strongly with overall race outcomes.
Competing in a swimming relay race differs from the individual race, mainly reflected on the …