This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of F agus sylvatica L. that are
relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are …

Silvopastoral systems, consisting of the combined management of pastures, woody
perennials and animals, are increasingly adopted throughout the world, especially in the …

Primates bark-strip trees in forest plantations worldwide, producing large economic losses.
The primate and tree species involved, the spatial and temporal patterns of this problem, the …

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is a major production tree species for the European
wood industry. However, it is highly sensitive to bark stripping (BS) by red deer (Cervus …

Endogenous jasmonates are important regulators of plant defenses. If and how they enable
plants to maintain their reproductive output when facing community-level herbivory under …

The damage to trees that is caused by ungulate species is a natural result of their presence
in ecosystems. High densities of ungulates may have a negative effect on biodiversity and …

The dung microbiome is a complex system that is highly influenced by species and diet. This
study characterized the dung bacterial and fungal communities of five herbivore species …

Habitat use by cervids can have large effects on vegetation. Therefore, factors influencing
habitat use are pertinent to ecology, nature conservation as well as management of forests …

The detachment of tree bark (ie bark-stripping) by wild ungulate species can be observed in
many European forests and it can lead to significant damages to the wood. In our study, bark …

Deer can show transitional use between agricultural fields and forests for foraging and
shelter. Such transitional use may affect forest damage as nutrient balancing theory …