Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a
common feature of both animal and plant innate immune systems. In plants, PRR signalling …

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) play crucial roles in plant
immunity, growth, and development. Plants deploy a large number of RLKs and RLPs as …

Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of
microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe‐and host damage …

As a universal process in multicellular organisms, including animals and plants, cells usually
emit danger signals when suffering from attacks of microbes and herbivores, or physical …

Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance
system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter …

Phytohormones participate in various processes over the course of a plant's lifecycle. In
addition to the five classical phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid …

The cells of multicellular organisms receive extracellular signals using surface receptors.
The extracellular domains (ECDs) of cell surface receptors function as interaction platforms …

In both plants and animals, defense against pathogens relies on a complex surveillance
system for signs of danger. Danger signals may originate from the infectious agent or from …

Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a plant pentapeptide hormone that fulfills a wide range of functions.
Although PSK has frequently been reported to function in the inverse regulation of growth …

Surveillance of the extracellular environment by immune receptors is of central importance
to eukaryotic survival. The rice receptor kinase XA21, which confers robust resistance to …