SUMMARY β-Lactam antibiotics have been widely used as therapeutic agents for the past
70 years, resulting in emergence of an abundance of β-lactam-inactivating β-lactamases …

ABSTRACT β-Lactamases, the major resistance determinant for β-lactam antibiotics in Gram-
negative bacteria, are ancient enzymes whose origins can be traced back millions of years …

Carbapenem antibiotics are the most effective antimicrobials for the treatment of infections
caused by the most resistant bacteria. They belong to the category of β-lactams that include …

First variants of the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), KPC-2 and KPC-3, have
encountered a worldwide success, particularly in K. pneumoniae isolates. These beta …

β-Lactams are the most widely used class of antibiotics. Since the discovery of
benzylpenicillin in the 1920s, thousands of new penicillin derivatives and related β-lactam …

The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens poses a serious threat
to public health worldwide. In particular, the increasing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant …

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat are becoming increasingly
common and are causing a global health crisis. Antibiotic resistance is encoded by several …

Carbapenemases are β-lactamases belonging to different Ambler classes (A, B, D) and can
be encoded by both chromosomal and plasmid-mediated genes. These enzymes represent …

Purpose Carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) has aroused widespread attention
owing to its very limited therapeutic options, and this strain has increased rapidly in recent …

The spread of Enterobacteriaceae, primarily Klebsiella pneumoniae, producing KPC, VIM,
IMP, and NDM carbapenemases, is causing an unprecedented public health crisis …