Forests and woodlands with a long, uninterrupted presence (continuity) are often associated
with high biodiversity and many habitat specialist species. But the mechanisms by which …

Dead wood is a key substrate for forest biodiversity, hosting a rich and often threatened
biodiversity of wood-living species. However, the relationship between the occurrence of …

The impacts of disturbance on biodiversity and distributions have been studied in many
systems. Yet, comparatively less is known about how lichens–obligate symbiotic organisms …

Habitat loss is considered a major threat for biodiversity. However, the scales on which its
effects occur are still insufficiently understood, namely, is the amount of available habitat …

The Finnish red list shows that the epiphytic lichen flora of Finnish forests is highly
threatened and declining steeply. Red lists provide limited information on the habitat …

Studies of the effects of patch size and isolation on plant species density have yielded
contrasting results. However, much of the available evidence comes from relatively recent …

Forest pest insects may cause large‐scale tree growth reductions and tree mortality during
outbreaks. The large‐scale development of outbreaks has frequently been studied, while the …

The importance of single-species forest plantations in sustaining biodiversity could be
bigger than expected. We described the diversity of lichens and bryophytes in 15 midterm …

Grazing generally benefits grassland biodiversity as it prevents shrub and tree succession.
However, too intense grazing may have negative effects for example many grassland …

Lichenometric dating (lichenometry) involves the use of lichen measurements to estimate
the age of exposure of various substrata. Because of low radial growth rates and …