Immune tolerance hinders the potentially destructive responses of lymphocytes to host
tissues. Tolerance is regulated at the stage of immature B cell development (central …

This article focuses on the functions of NF-κB that vitally impact lymphocytes and thus
adaptive immunity. NF-κB has long been known to be essential for many of the responses of …

Establishing a successful immune response requires cell–cell interactions, where the nature
of antigen presentation dictates functional outcomes. Methods to study these interactions …

Signaling through the B cell receptor (BCR) plays a critical role at multiple checkpoints of B
cell biology. BCR acts as a gatekeeper of the progression of their early development in bone …

PTEN regulates normal signaling through the B cell receptor (BCR). In systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), enhanced BCR signaling contributes to increased B cell activity, but …

Autoreactive B cells have critical roles in a large diversity of autoimmune diseases, but the
molecular pathways that control these cells remain poorly understood. We performed an in …

One remarkable feature of the immune system is its capacity to maintain constant numbers
of resting immune cells despite the complex nature of signals needed throughout …

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an intracellular signaling molecule first identified as the
molecule affected in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) patients, who almost completely …

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) defines a family of lipid kinases that direct a wide range of
cellular processes and cell fate decisions. Since its discovery, and that of its enzymatic …

Elimination of autoreactive developing B cells is an important mechanism to prevent
autoantibody production. However, how B cell receptor (BCR) signaling triggers apoptosis of …