Early diagnosis of renal fibrosis is crucially significant on account of its worldwide prevalent
tendency. Optical imaging in the near‐infrared window has been recognized as an …

Fluorescence microscopy, in particular immunofluorescence microscopy, has been used
extensively for the assessment of kidney function and pathology for both research and …

The actions of immune cells within the kidney are of fundamental importance in kidney
homeostasis and disease. In disease settings such as acute kidney injury, anti-neutrophil …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 8–16% of the population worldwide and is
characterized by fibrotic processes. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms …

Although macula densa (MD) cells are chief regulatory cells in the nephron with unique
microanatomical features, they have been difficult to study in full detail due to their …

Dual endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (AngII) receptor antagonism with sparsentan
has strong antiproteinuric actions via multiple potential mechanisms that are more …

Acute kidney injury (AKI), typically caused by ischemia, is a common clinical complication
with a poor prognosis. Although proteinuria is an important prognostic indicator of AKI, the …

Intravital multiphoton microscopy of the kidney is a powerful technique to study alterations in
tissue morphology and function simultaneously in the living animal and represents a …

Macula densa (MD) cells, a chief sensory cell type in the nephron, are endowed with unique
microanatomic features including a high density of protein synthetic organelles and …

Methods A structured literature review was performed using PubMed and Web of Sciences,
including all articles with the following keywords:“multiphoton microscopy”,“two-photon …