Antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the course of HIV infection, improving immune
function and decreasing dramatically the mortality and morbidity due to the opportunistic …

Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the
immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to …

Cytokines are soluble factors that mediate cell–cell communications in multicellular
organisms. Recently, another system of cell–cell communication was discovered, which is …

Background. Failure to normalize CD4+ T-cell numbers despite effective antiretroviral
therapy is an important problem in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods …

It has been 50 years since the initial descriptions of what are now known as plasmacytoid
dendritic cells (pDC) and type I IFN. pDC, which are infrequent cells found in the peripheral …

Bystander activation of memory T cells occurs in the absence of cognate antigen during
infections that elicit strong systemic inflammatory responses, which subsequently affect host …

High levels of HIV-1 replication during the chronic phase of infection usually correlate with
rapid progression to severe immunodeficiency. However, a minority of highly viremic …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection causes progressive impairment of the
immune system in humans, characterized by depletion of CD4 T cells and loss of T cell …

Although the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the deaths associated
with the immune deficiency acquired syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS conditions have emerged …

Macrophages play a crucial role in innate and adaptative immunity in response to
microorganisms and are an important cellular target during HIV-1 infection. Recently, the …