The execution and learning of diverse movements involve neuronal networks distributed
throughout the nervous system. The brainstem and basal ganglia are key for processing …

The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to
the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the …

Axon regeneration can be induced across anatomically complete spinal cord injury (SCI),
but robust functional restoration has been elusive. Whether restoring neurological functions …

Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that is expressed as the output of many integrated
brain functions. Locomotion is organized at several levels of the nervous system, with …

Locomotion is a fundamental motor function common to the animal kingdom. It is
implemented episodically and adapted to behavioural needs, including exploration, which …

The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is a brain stem area whose stimulation triggers
graded forward locomotion. How MLR neurons recruit downstream vsx2+(V2a) …

Arrest of ongoing movements is an integral part of executing motor programs. Behavioral
arrest may happen upon termination of a variety of goal-directed movements or as a global …

Fear and anxiety are brain states that evolved to mediate defensive responses to threats.
The defense reaction includes multiple interacting behavioral, autonomic and endocrine …

Locomotion is a universal behaviour that provides animals with the ability to move between
places. Classical experiments have used electrical microstimulation to identify brain regions …

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex solution that circulates around the CNS, and
whose composition changes as a function of an animal's physiological state. Ciliated …