Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey
the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia …

Data from clinical and preclinical studies indicate that immune dysregulation, specifically of
inflammatory processes, is associated with symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) …

Reduced glomerular filtration rate defines chronic kidney disease and is associated with
cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide …

Extracellular adenine nucleotides play important roles in cell–cell communication and tissue
homeostasis. High concentrations of extracellular ATP released by dying cells are sensed …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that on one hand plays a central role in cellular
energetics and which on the other is a ubiquitous signaling molecule when released into the …

Mounting evidence indicates that inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of
depression in both medically ill and medically healthy individuals. Cytokines are important …

Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), representing 5–
10% of total CNS cells. Recent findings reveal that microglia enter the embryonic brain, take …

Background The mechanisms underlying stress-induced inflammation that contribute to
major depressive disorder are unknown. We examine the role of the adenosine triphosphate …

The P2X7 receptor is a cation channel activated by high concentrations of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). Upon long-term activation, it complexes with membrane proteins forming …

Background In recent years, proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was considered
to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of depression. In addition, P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) …