Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pervasive signaling molecules in biological systems. In
humans, a lack of ROS causes chronic and extreme bacterial infections, while uncontrolled …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and atherosclerosis are chronic irreversible
diseases, that share a number of common causative factors including cigarette smoking …

Chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke is a prominent cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) and provides an important source of exogenous oxidants. In addition …

Cigarette smoke (CS) poses a significant risk factor for respiratory, vascular, and organ
diseases owing to its high content of harmful chemicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Since COPD is a heterogeneous disease, a specific anti-inflammatory therapy for this
disease has not been established yet. Oxidative stress is recognized as a major …

The airway smooth muscle (ASM) surrounding the airways is dysfunctional in both asthma
and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exhibiting; increased contraction …

The high incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), one of the most
prevalent diseases worldwide, has attracted growing attention. Cigarette smoking is …

With a rapidly growing elderly human population, the incidence of age-related lung diseases
such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to rise. It is widely …

The airway smooth muscle (ASM) plays an indispensable role in airway structure and
function. Dysfunction in ASM plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive …

The lung is a unique organ, as it is constantly exposed to air and airborne pollutants
including oxidant gases such as highly reactive nitrogen dioxide and ozone, particulates …