Costs of defense are central to our understanding of interactions between organisms and
their environment, and defensive phenotypes of plants have long been considered to be …

Glucosinolates are secondary defense metabolites produced by plants of the order
Brassicales, which includes the model species Arabidopsis and many crop species. In the …

Coevolutionary interactions are thought to have spurred the evolution of key innovations and
driven the diversification of much of life on Earth. However, the genetic and evolutionary …

Stomata play a central role in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Existing
knowledge regarding the roles of stomata in plant stress is centered on abiotic stresses and …

Highlights•Antagonism between growth and defense is genetically programmed.•Jasmonate
controls carbon partitioning between primary and specialized metabolism.•Carbon sensing …

The genus Brassica belongs to the plant family Brassicaceae, which includes many
important crop species that are used as oilseed, condiments, or vegetables throughout the …

Glucosinolates, a class of secondary metabolites, mainly found in Brassicaceae, are affected
by the changing environment. This review is focusing on the physiological significance of …

Plants are sessile organisms and dependent on deployment of secondary metabolites for
their response to biotic and abiotic challenges. A trade-off is envisioned between resources …

Numerous plants protect themselves from attackers by using specialized metabolites. The
biosynthesis of these deterrent, often toxic metabolites is costly, as their synthesis diverts …

Although they are relative latecomers on the evolutionary scene, having emerged only 135?
170 million years ago, angiosperms—or flowering plants—are the most diverse and species …