Behaviour evolved before nervous systems. Various single-celled eukaryotes (protists) and
the ciliated larvae of sponges devoid of neurons can display sophisticated behaviours …

Vision allows animals to detect spatial differences in environmental light levels. High-
resolution image-forming eyes evolved from low-resolution eyes via increases in …

Background Invertebrate nervous systems are highly disparate between different taxa. This
is reflected in the terminology used to describe them, which is very rich and often confusing …

Trichoplax adhaerens is a flat, millimeter-sized marine animal that adheres to surfaces and
grazes on algae. Trichoplax displays a repertoire of different feeding behaviors despite the …

The emerging paradigm on plastic pollution in marine environments is that microsize
particles (MPs) have far more subtle effects than bigger fragments, given their size range …

Simple Summary Pentamerous radial symmetrical echinoderm adults develop from
bilaterally symmetrical larvae and are a great model for understanding the origin and …

In the present study we examined muscle development throughout the complete larval cycle
of the bivalve mollusc, Mytilus trossulus. An immunofluorescence technique and laser …

Recent findings regarding early lophotrochozoan development have altered the
conventional model of neurogenesis and revealed that peripheral sensory elements play a …

Neuropeptides are an ancient class of neuronal signaling molecules that regulate a variety
of physiological and behavioral processes in animals. The life cycle of many animals …

Gastropod molluscs are among the most abundant species that inhabit coral reef
ecosystems. Many are specialist predators, along with the giant triton snail Charonia tritonis …