Phytochromes are ubiquitous photosensor proteins, which control the growth, reproduction
and movement in plants, fungi and bacteria. Phytochromes switch between two …

This perspective article highlights the challenges in the theoretical description of
photoreceptor proteins using multiscale modeling, as discussed at the CECAM workshop in …

Phytochromes are modular photoreceptors of plants, bacteria and fungi that use light as a
source of information to regulate fundamental physiological processes. Interconversion …

Phytochromes are bimodal photoswitches composed of a photosensor and an output
module. Photoactivation of the sensor is initiated by a double bond isomerization of the …

Highlights•Fluorescent probes or optogenetic tools can be developed using phytochrome
modules.•Bacteriophytochromes provide advantageous properties in protein engineering …

Organisms adapt to environmental cues using diverse signaling networks. In order to sense
and integrate light for regulating various biological functions, photoreceptor proteins have …

Phytochromes are biological red/far-red light sensors found in many organisms.
Photoisomerization of the linear methine-bridged tetrapyrrole triggers transient proton …

Phytochromes are dimeric photoreceptor proteins that sense red light levels in plants, fungi,
and bacteria. The proteins are structurally divided into a light-sensing photosensory module …

The field of optogenetics uses genetically encoded, lightresponsive proteins to control
physiological processes. This technology has been hailed as the one of the ten big ideas in …

In this chapter, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of the linear tetrapyrrole-binding
photoreceptors, phytochromes, and cyanobacteriochromes. We especially focus on the color …