A large literature has found positive associations between economic freedom and income,
growth, and a variety of other desirable outcomes. This paper surveys the literature that …

This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of economic and
political inequality on institutions. The current understanding suggests that unequal societies …

Populism and Liberal Democracy is the first book to offer a comprehensive theory about
populism during both its emergence and consolidation phases in three geographical …

There are fewer people living in extreme poverty in the world today than 30 years ago. While
that is an achievement, continuing progress for poor people is far from assured. Inequalities …

After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to
the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of …

We show five points regarding the middle class in developing East and Southern Africa:(1)
55 per cent of the region's middle class—37 per cent of the 'non‐vulnerable'middle class—is …

The shift in global goods production towards Asia is well documented. But global consumer
demand has so far been concentrated in the rich economies of the OECD. Will that also shift …

Average incomes of the poorest quintile rise proportionately with average incomes in a
sample of 92 countries spanning the last four decades. This is because the share of income …

Why does trust vary so substantially across countries? This paper presents a general
equilibrium growth model in which heterogeneous agents transact and face a moral hazard …

It is hardly possible to overrate the value... of placing human beings in contact with persons
dissimilar to themselves, and with modes of thought and action unlike those with which they …