Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate multiple complex physiological processes in humans.
Abnormal ER signaling may result in various disorders, including reproductive system …

Epidemiologic studies have previously suggested that premenopausal females have
reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when compared to age-matched males …

The incidence of many types of cancer arising in organs with non-reproductive functions is
significantly higher in male populations than in female populations, with associated …

Estrogen has pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms by which
estrogen confers these pleiotropic effects are undergoing active investigation. Until a …

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) encompasses a syndrome of diseases that are characterized
by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular remodeling and that …

A myriad of physiological processes in mammals are influenced by estrogens and the
estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ. As we reviewed previously, given the widespread …

Nitric oxide production in response to flow-dependent shear forces applied on the surface of
endothelial cells is a fundamental mechanism of regulation of vascular tone, peripheral …

Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a terminal pulmonary
vascular disease characterized by increased pressure, right ventricular failure, and death …

Sex has a profound impact on myocardial remodeling, which is defined as the molecular
and cellular events after an injury to the myocardium (ie, necrosis, pressure overload …

Heart failure (HF) is a complex condition affecting> 40 million people worldwide. It is defined
by failure of the heart to pump (HF with reduced ejection fraction) or by the failure of the …