SUMMARY A review is presented of methods of summarizing the relationships within a set
of objects by a set of hierarchically‐nested classes of similar objects, representable by a …

Heteroptera, or true bugs, are part of the most successful radiation of nonholometabolous
insects. Twenty-five years after the first review on the influence of cladistics on systematic …

The field of plant taxonomy has transformed rapidly over the past fifteen years, especially
with regard to improvements in cladistic analysis and the use of new molecular data. The …

Phylogeneticists hold that the study of phylogeny ought to be an empirical science, that
putative synapomorphies provide evidence on genealogical relationship, and that (aside …

This chapter presents an overview of the seven infraorders and the 91 currently recognized
families of Heteroptera. For each family, it provides a brief diagnosis, selected information on …

Cladistics aims to reconstruct genealogies based on common ancestry, thus revealing the
phylogenetic relationships between taxa. Its applications vary from linguistic analysis to the …

Understanding the history and philosophy of biological systematics (phylogenetics,
taxonomy and classification of living things) is key to successful practice of the discipline. In …

Arguments for and against combined analysis of multiple data sets in phylogenetic inference
are reviewed. Simultaneous analysis of combined data better maximizes cladistic parsimony …

Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy were explored through statistical analyses of
standardized consistency indexes. Data were obtained from 60 recent cladistic analyses of a …

We describe a Bayesian method based on Markov chain simulation to study the
phylogenetic relationship in a group of DNA sequences. Under simple models of mutational …