This chapter reviews research on L1ers' individual differences in the proficiency of
understanding and speaking their L1, as a function of age and/or level of education. In …

The book overviews a wide range of vocabulary research methodologies, and offers
practical advice on how to carry out valid and reliable research on first and second language …

Explicit Learning in the L2 Classroom offers a unique five-prong (theoretical, empirical,
methodological, pedagogical, and model building) approach to the issue of explicit learning …

Written by a team of leading experts working in different SLA specialisms, this fourth edition
is a clear and concise introduction to the main theories of second language acquisition …

Given the current methodological interest in eliciting direct data on the cognitive processes
L2 learners employ as they interact with L2 data during the early stages of the learning …

In most forms of second language instruction, the learning of grammar starts as both
declarative and explicit. The role of practice in getting to a sufficiently high level of …

This is a vocabulary research manual. It aims to give you the background knowledge
necessary to design rigorous and effective research studies into the behavior of L1 and L2 …

This book offers a general introduction to reaction time research as relevant to Second
Language Studies and explores a collection of tasks and paradigms that are often used in …

This article addresses the question of what language proficiency (LP) is, both theoretically
and empirically. It does so by making a distinction, on one hand, between basic and higher …

The classic coefficient of variation (CV) is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean and
can be used to compare normally distributed data with respect to their variability, this …