With less than a million neurons, the western honeybee Apis mellifera is capable of complex
olfactory behaviors and provides an ideal model for investigating the neurophysiology of the …

Due to unique abilities of the animals regarding analysis of complex gas substances, they
still remain a gold standard in analysis of explosives. Unusual capabilities of biological …

Highlights•In the wild, perception of informative olfactory cues can be obscured by
concurrent odors.•Experience-dependent changes can tune detection and encoding of …

Harmful insects include pests of crops and storage goods, and vectors of human and animal
diseases. Throughout their history, humans have been fighting them using diverse methods …

Complex odor mixtures have traditionally been thought to be perceived configurally,
implying that there is little identification of the individual components in the mixture. Prior …

When animals learn the association of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned
stimulus (US), later presentation of the CS invokes a representation of the US. When the …

Associative fear learning produces fear toward the conditioned stimulus (CS) and often
generalization, the expansion of fear from the CS to similar, unlearned stimuli. However …

The honey bee mushroom bodies (MBs) are brain centers required for specific learning
tasks. Here, we show that environmental conditions experienced as young adults affect the …

Animals are constantly bombarded with stimuli, which presents a fundamental problem of
sorting among pervasive uninformative stimuli and novel, possibly meaningful stimuli. We …

In natural environments, odors are typically mixtures of several different chemical
compounds. However, the implications of mixtures for odor processing have not been fully …