Migraine is ranked as the second highest cause of disability worldwide and the first among
women aged 15–49 years. Overall, the incidence of migraine is threefold higher among …

Background The three primary headaches, tension-type headache, migraine and cluster
headache, occur in both genders, but all seem to have a sex-specific prevalence. These …

The impact of estrogen exposure in preventing or treating cardiovascular disease is
controversial. But it is clear that estrogen has important effects on vascular physiology and …

Ovarian hormones play an important role in pain perception, and are responsible, at least in
part, for the pain threshold differences between the sexes. Modulation of pain and its …

Primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic, idiopathic intraoral mucosal pain
condition that is not accompanied by clinical lesions or systemic disease. There is some …

ContextMenstrual migraine affects approximately 50% to 60% of female migraineurs, but
knowledge regarding the role of hormones, especially estrogen, appears incomplete …

Reproductive hormones are implicated in moderating pain. Animal studies support both
pronociceptive and antinociceptive actions of oestradiol and progesterone suggesting that …

Whereas chemokines are well known for their ability to induce cell migration, only recently it
became evident that chemokines also control a variety of other cell functions and are …

Migraine is defined as recurrent attack of headache that are commonly unilateral and
accompanied by gastrointestinal and visual disorders. Migraine is more prevalent in females …

(Headache 2011; 51: 905‐922) A number of pain conditions, acute as well as chronic, are
much more prevalent in women, such as temporomandibular disorder (TMD), irritable bowel …