ATP synthases are unique rotatory molecular machines that supply biochemical reactions
with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the universal “currency”, which cells use for synthesis …

In FOF1 ATP synthase, driven by the proton motive force across the membrane, the FO
motor rotates the central rotor and induces conformational changes in the F1 motor, resulting …

Coronaviruses, especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2),
present an ongoing threat to human wellbeing. Consequently, elucidation of molecular …

Transmembrane ion transport is a key process in living cells. Active transport of ions is
carried out by various ion transporters including microbial rhodopsins (MRs). MRs perform …

Mitochondrial ATP synthases form functional homodimers to induce cristae curvature that is
a universal property of mitochondria. To expand on the understanding of this fundamental …

The rotary mechanism of the ion-transporting F-, V-and A-type ATPases is of great interest to
the molecular bio-sciences. Connecting the regulation of their rotation-coupled catalysis …

ATP synthases are large enzymes present in every living cell. They consist of a
transmembrane and a soluble domain, each comprising multiple subunits. The …

ATP synthase is a unique molecular machine that produces the energy-rich molecule
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is necessary for numerous biochemical reactions in …