Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and neuroendocrine hormonal systems help regulate
cardio‐vascular and renal function. Any change in the balance among these systems may …

The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension often involves a rise in systemic vascular
resistance (vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling) and impairment of salt excretion in …

To explore the role of the kallikrein–kinin system in relation to ischemia/reperfusion injury in
the kidney, we generated mice lacking both the bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor genes …

Since kallikrein was discovered as a vasodilatory substance in human urine, the kallikrein–
kinin system (KKS) has been considered to play a physiological role in controlling blood …

In recent years, ACE Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (also known
as AT1 receptor antagonists (AT1-RAs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), or Sartans) …

Aims: The management of myocardial ischemia has been challenged by reperfusion injury.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is the critical cause of reperfusion injury, but …

Tissue kallikrein (hK1) cleaves low-molecular-weight kininogen to produce kinin peptide,
which binds to kinin receptors and triggers a wide spectrum of biological effects. Tissue …

This review addresses the physiological role of the kallikrein–kinin system in arteries, heart
and kidney and the consequences of kallikrein and kinin actions in diseases affecting these …

Hypertension is a leading risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic
retinopathy and contributes to a variety of other retinal diseases in the absence of diabetes …

Cardiac ischemia is a leading cause of death, especially in diabetic patients. The diabetic
ischemic heart is resistant experimentally to established cardioprotective treatments. New …