The perceived social acceptability of intolerance is believed to drive individual intolerance, a
process we refer to as normalization. Social intolerance can be particularly high during …

Centripetal approaches to democracy in divided societies seek to promote inter-ethnic
accommodation and moderation by making politicians dependent on the electoral support of …

Islamist political parties are a structural feature of politics across the Muslim world, raising
persisting questions for scholars of democracy. Under what conditions will Islamists …

It is well established that a country's institutional features can weaken economic voting
because voters find it hard to attribute performance to specific parties. We argue that local …

Can endorsements persuade voters to transcend politicized identity cleavages to support
candidates from other groups? We argue that the persuasive power of cleavage-bridging …

What explains the treatment of ethnic minorities in Southeast Asia? This Element
conceptually disaggregates ethnicity into multiple constituent markers–specifically …

With the increasing relevance of ethnic groups as political actors, the literature has
attempted to identify and study the ethnic organizations representing these groups. How do …

Campaigns on online social media are becoming intriguing because all parties can compete
with each other. Various content can be created to support or defeat one another. Interaction …

Background Indonesia is an 18,000-island archipelago in Southeast Asia. It is the world's
fourth most populous nation. Free and fair elections have been held on a regular basis since …

This paper examines the shifting approaches to ethnic representation in the multi-ethnic
democracies of Pacific Asia (that is, Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific). While Tan …