Unravelling the functional operation of neuronal networks and linking cellular activity to
specific behavioural outcomes are among the biggest challenges in neuroscience. In this …

When animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in
muscles, joints and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal …

Interactions between cervical and lumbar spinal circuits are mediated by long propriospinal
neurons (LPNs). Ablation of descending LPNs in mice disturbs left-right coordination at high …

The organization of neural circuits that form the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG)
and provide flexor–extensor and left–right coordination of neuronal activity remains largely …

Key points Quadrupeds express different gaits depending on speed of locomotion. Central
pattern generators (one per limb) within the spinal cord generate locomotor oscillations and …

Layering of neural circuits facilitates the separation of neurons with high spatial sensitivity
from those that play integrative temporal roles. Although anatomical layers are readily …

The spinal locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) generates rhythmic activity with
alternating flexion and extension phases. This rhythmic pattern is likely to result from …

A series of recent studies identified key structures in the mesencephalic locomotor region
and the caudal brainstem of mice involved in the initiation and control of slow (exploratory) …

Speed-dependent interlimb coordination allows animals to maintain stable locomotion
under different circumstances. The V3 neurons are known to be involved in interlimb …

The brain coordinates the movements that constitute behavior, but how descending neurons
convey the myriad of commands required to activate the motor neurons of the limbs in the …