Untethered small-scale machines (USSMs) that can actively adjust their motion,
deformation, and collective states in response to external stimuli have gained enormous …

The gradient structure inherent in the biological system plays a key role in facilitating
efficient and precise actuation. To date, bioinspired gradient structured soft actuators have a …

Swarms, which stem from collective behaviors among individual elements, are commonly
seen in nature. Since two decades ago, scientists have been attempting to understand the …

Stimuli-responsive functional micro-/nanorobots (srFM/Ns) are a class of intelligent, efficient,
and promising microrobots that can react to external stimuli (such as temperature, light …

Machines that mimic humans have inspired scientists for centuries. Bioinspired soft robotic
hands are a good example of such an endeavor, featuring intrinsic material compliance and …

Soft miniature machines demonstrate multimodal actuation and morphology change
capabilities in narrow spaces smaller than their dimension. The wirelessly controlled soft …

Magnetic miniature robots are promising tools for minimally invasive and noninvasive
therapy. Constructing systems with actuation–perception loops is an essential step to …

Flexible miniature robots are expected to enter difficult-to-reach areas in vivo to carry out
targeted operations, attracting widespread attention. However, it is challenging for the …

Drug delivery systems with high-targeted doses can minimize excipients, reduce side
effects, and improve efficacy. Human blood circulation is a complex circulatory system, and …

Untethered micro/nanorobots that can wirelessly control their motion and deformation state
have gained enormous interest in remote sensing applications due to their unique motion …