Caffeine use is increasing worldwide. The underlying motivations are mainly concentration
and memory enhancement and physical performance improvement. Coffee and caffeine …

Since DSM-IV was published in 1994, its approach to substance use disorders has come
under scrutiny. Strengths were identified (notably, reliability and validity of dependence), but …

OBJECTIVE: To review the effects, adverse consequences, and extent of energy drink
consumption among children, adolescents, and young adults. METHODS: We searched …

Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviorally active substance in the world. Almost all
caffeine comes from dietary sources (beverages and food), most of it from coffee and tea …

Since the introduction of Red Bull in Austria in 1987 and in the United States in 1997, the
energy drink market has grown exponentially. Hundreds of different brands are now …

Caffeine is probably the most frequently ingested pharmacologically active substance in the
world. It is found in common beverages (coffee, tea, soft drinks), in products containing …

Context: In 1954 the tobacco industry paid to publish the “Frank Statement to Cigarette
Smokers” in hundreds of US newspapers. It stated that the public's health was the industry's …

Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) is the most consumed psychoactive substance in the
world, acting by means of antagonism to adenosine receptors, mainly A1 and A2A. Coffee is …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

Rationale Although reports of caffeine withdrawal in the medical literature date back more
than 170 years, the most rigorous experimental investigations of the phenomenon have …