There is significant interest in understanding inflammatory responses within the brain and
spinal cord. Inflammatory responses that are centralized within the brain and spinal cord are …

Microglia are critical nervous system‐specific immune cells serving as tissue‐resident
macrophages influencing brain development, maintenance of the neural environment …

Inflammatory processes and microglia activation accompany most of the pathophysiological
diseases in the central nervous system. It is proven that glial pathology precedes and even …

Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is regulated by specific
microglia groups and functionally implicated in behavioral responses to stress. However, the …

Microglia respond to CNS injuries and diseases with complex reactions, often called
“activation.” A pro-inflammatory phenotype (also called classical or M1 activation) lies at one …

As the major cellular component of the innate immune system in the central nervous system
(CNS) and the first line of defense whenever injury or disease occurs, microglia play a …

The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this
idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent …

Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic
infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical …

Activation of the peripheral immune system elicits a coordinated response from the central
nervous system. Key to this immune to brain communication is that glia, microglia, and …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurotoxic microglia, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells are
overactivated. Overactivation of these immune cells exacerbates the disease process and …