Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing complex environmental change.
Their native biota has adapted to the region's extreme conditions over many millions of …

Animals living in the Southern Ocean have evolved in a singular environment. It shares
many of its attributes with the high Arctic, namely low, stable temperatures, the pervading …

Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity occurs almost exclusively in ice-free areas that cover less
than 1% of the continent. Climate change will alter the extent and configuration of ice-free …

Several recent climate impact assessments on polar regions have been undertaken,
including the synthesis report on Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (AMAP …

We review the scientific literature, especially from the past decade, on the impacts of human
activities on the Antarctic environment. A range of impacts has been identified at a variety of …

To understand how planet Earth works we study it increasingly as a system–a collection of
interdependent parts or spheres–the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the …

Antarctic biodiversity faces an unknown future with a changing climate. Most terrestrial biota
is restricted to limited patches of ice‐free land in a sea of ice, where they are adapted to the …

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities and can control microbial communities, but
their identity in terrestrial and freshwater Antarctic ecosystems is unknown. The genetic …

Construction and operation of research stations present the most pronounced human
impacts on the Antarctic continent across a wide range of environmental values. Despite …

Postglacial recolonisation patterns are well documented for the Northern Hemisphere biota,
but comparable processes in the Southern Hemisphere have only recently been examined …