We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are large-scale heliospheric transients that
originate from the Sun. When an ICME is sufficiently faster than the preceding solar wind, a …

On 13 March 1989, the largest magnetic storm of the last century caused widespread effects
on power systems including a blackout of the Hydro‐Québec system. Since then this event …

Space weather describes the way in which the Sun, and conditions in space more generally,
impact human activity and technology both in space and on the ground. It is now well …

This paper is the primary deliverable of the very first NASA Living With a Star Institute
Working Group, Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) Working Group. The paper …

Nitrogen is a critical ingredient of complex biological molecules 1. Molecular nitrogen,
however, which was outgassed into the Earth's early atmosphere 2, is relatively chemically …

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the primary sources of intense disturbances at Earth,
where their geoeffectiveness is largely determined by their dynamic pressure and internal …

This review article summarizes the advancement in the studies of Earth-affecting solar
transients in the last decade that encompasses most of solar cycle 24. It is a part of the effort …

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) were discovered in the early 1970s when space-borne
coronagraphs revealed that eruptions of plasma are ejected from the Sun. Today, it is known …

As observed in Thomson-scattered white light, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are manifest
as large-scale expulsions of plasma magnetically driven from the corona in the most …