For over half a century, male rodents have been the default model organism in preclinical
neuroscience research, a convention that has likely contributed to higher rates of …

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences
in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias …

Sex differences exist in many neurological and psychiatric diseases, but these have not
always been addressed adequately in research. In order to address this, it is necessary to …

The goal of sex and gender analysis is to promote rigorous, reproducible and responsible
science. Incorporating sex and gender analysis into experimental design has enabled …

By 2017 estimates, diabetes mellitus affects 425 million people globally; approximately 90–
95% of these have type 2 diabetes. This narrative review highlights two domains of sex …

Context-dependent biological variation presents a unique challenge to the reproducibility of
results in experimental animal research, because organisms' responses to experimental …

Insulin resistance results when peripheral tissues, including adipose, skeletal muscle, and
liver, do not respond appropriately to insulin, causing the ineffective uptake of glucose. This …

Rates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have increased in women by 84% over the past ten
years relative to a 35% increase in men. This substantive increase in female drinking is …

A little over 5 years ago, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced the intention
to develop policies to require applicants to report plans to balance male and female cells …

In 2016, to address the historical overrepresentation of male subjects in biomedical
research, the US National Institutes of Health implemented a policy requiring investigators to …