This paper shows recent progress in our understanding of climate variability and trends in
the Amazon region, and how these interact with land use change. The review includes an …

Tropical forests house over half of Earth's biodiversity and are an important influence on the
climate system. These forests are experiencing escalating human influence, altering their …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Reduced rainfall increases the risk of forest dieback, while in return forest loss might
intensify regional droughts. The consequences of this vegetation–atmosphere feedback for …

Interactions between climate and land-use change may drive widespread degradation of
Amazonian forests. High-intensity fires associated with extreme weather events could …

Tipping elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. We review the environmental
factors controlling their structure and global distribution and evaluate their current and future …

Wildfires, exacerbated by extreme weather events and land use, threaten to change the
Amazon from a net carbon sink to a net carbon source. Here, we develop and apply a …

Agricultural expansion and climate variability have become important agents of disturbance
in the Amazon basin. Recent studies have demonstrated considerable resilience of …

The release of carbon from tropical forests may exacerbate future climate change, but the
magnitude of the effect in climate models remains uncertain. Coupled climate–carbon-cycle …