The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

Electric and hybrid vehicles are associated with green technologies and a reduction in
greenhouse emissions due to their low emissions of greenhouse gases and fuel-economic …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Tropical reef systems are transitioning to a new era in which the interval between recurrent
bouts of coral bleaching is too short for a full recovery of mature assemblages. We analyzed …

Aquatic Photosynthesis is a comprehensive guide to understanding the evolution and
ecology of photosynthesis in aquatic environments. This second edition, thoroughly revised …

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion,
reduces ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The …

Sea temperatures in many tropical regions have increased by almost 1° C over the past 100
years, and are currently increasing at~ 1–2° C per century. Coral bleaching occurs when the …

Background The rising temperature of the world's oceans has become a major threat to coral
reefs globally as the severity and frequency of mass coral bleaching and mortality events …

Since the early 1980s, episodes of coral reef bleaching and mortality, due primarily to
climate-induced ocean warming, have occurred almost annually in one or more of the …

Coral reef bleaching, the whitening of diverse invertebrate taxa, results from the loss of
symbiotic zooxanthellae and/or a reduction in photosynthetic pigment concentrations in …