G protein–coupled receptors engage both G proteins and β-arrestins, and their coupling can
be biased by ligands and mutations. Here, to resolve structural elements and mechanisms …

β-adrenoreceptors (ARs) are members of the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs), and are activated by catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine …

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is formed by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the
renin–angiotensin system. This hormone is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy and heart …

The original paradigm of classical-also referred to as canonical-cellular signal transduction
of heterotrimeric G proteins (G protein) is defined by a hierarchical, orthograde interaction of …

Abstract Background and Purpose Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a cardiovascular
disease characterised by an increase in pulmonary arterial (PA) resistance leading to right …

Although β1-adrenoceptor (β1-AR) signal transduction, which maintains cardiac function, is
downregulated in failing hearts, the mechanisms for such a defect in heart failure are not …

Adrenergic receptors (ARs) and catalytic receptors (CRs), two major classes of cell-surface
receptors, play essential roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes …

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) exhibits exaggerated sympathoexcitation
and altered cardiac and vascular responses to muscle metaboreflex activation (MMA) …

The lethality of heart failure (HF), particularly in the context of post-acute sequelae SARS-
CoV-2 infection (PASC)-related myocarditis, necessitates the discovery of the cellular …

The success of Angiotensin II receptor blockers, specifically Angiotensin II type 1 receptor
(AT1R) antagonists as antihypertensive drug emphasizes the involvement of AT1R in …