Optical tweezers have become the method of choice in single-molecule manipulation
studies. In this Primer, we first review the physical principles of optical tweezers and the …

Manipulation of individual molecules with optical tweezers provides a powerful means of
interrogating the structure and folding of proteins. Mechanical force is not only a relevant …

The folding/misfolding and pharmacological rescue of multidomain ATP-binding cassette
(ABC) C-subfamily transporters, essential for organismal health, remain incompletely …

In the cell, proteins are synthesized from N to C terminus and begin to fold during translation.
Cotranslational folding mechanisms are therefore linked to elongation rate, which varies as …

Co-translational protein folding is an essential process by which cells ensure the safe and
efficient production and assembly of new proteins in their functional native states following …

Recent developments in Origins of Life research have focused on substantiating the
narrative of an abiotic emergence of nucleic acids from organic molecules of low molecular …

Cotranslational protein folding requires assistance from elaborate ribosome-associated
chaperone networks. It remains unclear how the changing information in a growing nascent …

The use of force probes to induce unfolding and refolding of single molecules through the
application of mechanical tension, known as single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) …

Many proteins in the cell fold cotranslationally within the restricted space of the polypeptide
exit tunnel or at the surface of the ribosome. A growing body of evidence suggests that the …

Across the Tree of Life (ToL), the complexity of proteomes varies widely. Our systematic
analysis depicts that from the simplest archaea to mammals, the total number of proteins per …