Considering the pressures of energy and the environment, using renewable resource—
biomass to obtain hydrocarbon fuels and high-value chemicals has important application …

Bio-oil upgrading can be achieved mainly via three types of methods that are biomass pre-
treatment, catalytic upgrading and downstream bio-oil upgrading. The article aim is to review …

Thermochemical processes, which include pyrolysis, torrefaction, gasification, combustion,
and hydrothermal conversions, are perceived to be more efficient in converting waste …

Biomass fast pyrolysis is potentially one of the cheapest routes toward renewable liquid
fuels. Its commercialization, however, poses a multi-scale challenge, which starts with the …

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the major conversion technologies in the oil refinery
industry. FCC currently produces the majority of the world's gasoline, as well as an important …

Biomass is a promising sustainable and renewable energy source, due to its high diversity
of sources, and as it is profusely obtainable everywhere in the world. It is the third most …

In this work about pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, the individual reaction mechanisms of
cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are initially described. The recent advances in the …

Biomass as a form of energy source may be utilized in two different ways: directly by burning
the biomass and indirectly by converting it into solid, liquid or gaseous fuels. Pyrolysis is an …

Pyrolysis converts biomass into liquid, gaseous and solid fuels. This work reviews the
existing models for biomass pyrolysis, including kinetic, network and mechanistic models …

Fast pyrolysis is a promising thermochemical technology that breaks down renewable and
abundant lignocellulosic biomass into a primary liquid product (bio‐oil) in seconds. The bio …