El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most prominent year‐to‐year climate
fluctuation on Earth, alternating between anomalously warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) …

Extensive research has improved our understanding and forecast of the occurrence,
evolution and global impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, ENSO …

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North
Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, is an important target of ongoing research …

El Niño events differ substantially in their spatial pattern and intensity. Canonical Eastern
Pacific El Niño events have sea surface temperature anomalies that are strongest in the far …

The far-reaching impacts of central Pacific El Niño events on global climate differ
appreciably from those associated with eastern Pacific El Niño events. Central Pacific El …

Studies of climate effects on ecology often account for non-stationarity in individual physical
and biological variables, but rarely allow for non-stationary relationships among variables …

Numerous studies demonstrated that the Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) can excite Central
Pacific (CP) El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and that the PMM is mostly a …

At the beginning of 2014, an El Niño event was predicted to occur in the following winter.
However, the El Niño that started to develop in 2014 was hindered in the boreal summer …

Abstract El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant interseasonal–interannual
variability in the tropical Pacific and substantial efforts have been dedicated to predicting its …

Future projections of the eastern-Pacific (EP) and central-Pacific (CP) types of El Niño in the
twenty-first century, as well as their associated tropical circulation and precipitation …