Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

Abstract 'Jack of all trades, master of everything'is a fair label for transforming growth factor
β1 (TGF-β)–a cytokine that controls our life at many levels. In the adult organism, TGF-β1 is …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive
and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its
expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad …

The bioavailability of members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family is
controlled by a number of mechanisms. Bona fide TGF-β is sequestered into the matrix in a …

Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for
their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have …

With an estimated 9.4 million new cases globally, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major
public health concern. Eighty percent of all cases worldwide occur in 22 high-burden, mainly …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is the most potent and ubiquitous profibrogenic
cytokine, and its expression is increased in almost all the fibrotic diseases and in …

Each microenvironment requires a specific set of regulatory elements that are finely and
constantly tuned to maintain local homeostasis. Various populations of regulatory T cells …

Background Persistence of myofibroblasts is believed to contribute to the development of
fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) …