Terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems regulate climate at local to global scales
through exchanges of energy and matter with the atmosphere and assist with climate …

Global reanalyzes like ERA5 accurately capture atmospheric processes at spatial scales of
km or larger. By downscaling ERA5 with large‐eddy simulation (LES), LES can provide …

We present a comprehensive observational approach that aims to establish relationships
between the surface–atmosphere exchange of ammonia (NH 3) and CO 2 uptake and …

The process of coupling the Surface Urban Energy and Water Scheme (SUEWS) into the
Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is presented, including pre-processing of …

Radiative transfer is a 3D process, but most atmospheric models consider radiation only in
the vertical direction for computational efficiency. This results in inaccurate surface radiation …

• Developing a digital twin of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) augmented with
Earth Observation (SPACEO) will allow seamless integration of functional (cellular …

Quantifying water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO 2) exchange dynamics between the land
and the atmosphere through observations and modeling is necessary in order to reproduce …

Cloud organization impacts the radiative effects and precipitation patterns of the cloud field.
Deviating from randomness, clouds exhibit either clustering or a regular grid structure …

Current understanding of land–atmosphere exchange fluxes is limited by the fact that
available observational techniques mainly quantify net fluxes, which are the sum of …

Quantifying water vapor and carbon dioxide exchange dynamics between land and
atmosphere through observations and modelling is necessary to reproduce and project near …