Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common form of idiopathic interstitial
pneumonia, is a progressive, irreversible, and typically lethal disease characterized by an …

The epithelial lining of the airway forms the first barrier against environmental insults, such
as inhaled cigarette smoke, which is the primary risk factor for the development of chronic …

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that arises due to mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis
Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene, which encodes for a protein responsible for …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays key roles during lung development and
many lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer …

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is primarily an airway
condition, which mainly affects cigarette smokers and presents with shortness of breath that …

Chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and
asthma, affect millions of people all over the world. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate …

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible process, in which epithelial cells
lose their epithelial traits and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. This transformation has …

Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol containing a large number of compounds with a
variety of toxicity and carcinogenicity. Long-term exposure to cigarette smoke significantly …

Background Small airway fibrosis is the main contributor in airflow obstruction in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been …

The high incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), one of the most
prevalent diseases worldwide, has attracted growing attention. Cigarette smoking is …