Eukaryotic cells can initiate several distinct self‐destruction mechanisms to display essential
roles for the homeostasis maintenance, development, and survival of an organism …

Increasing antibiotic resistance to bacterial infections causes a serious threat to human
health. Efficient detection and treatment strategies are the keys to preventing and reducing …

Immunostimulants, as feed additives, play an important role in maintaining fish health and
enhancing their overall growth by providing resistance against diseases in cultured fish. At …

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an important economical cold-water fish worldwide.
However, infection with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) has severely …

Interleukin (IL) 21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in regulating innate
and adaptive immune responses. In fish, the biological functions and cell source of IL-21 …

Membrane‐embedded Toll‐like receptor 5 (TLR5) functions as a homodimer to detect
bacterial flagellin. Cyprinid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) encodes two TLR5 genes …

Background Interferon (IFN) responses are critical in the resolution of viral infections and are
actively targeted by many viruses. They also play a role in inducing protective responses …

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an important cold-water fish widely cultivated in
China. The frequent occurrence of viral diseases caused by infectious hematopoietic …

Intelectin has been identified in various vertebrates and plays an important role in the host
immune system. In our previous studies, recombinant Megalobrama amblycephala intelectin …

The relationship among microbiome, immunity and cervical cancer has been targeted by
several studies, yet many questions remain unanswered. We characterized herein the …