Increasing antimicrobial resistance rates have revitalized bacteriophage (phage) research,
the natural predators of bacteria discovered over 100 years ago. In order to use phages …

A wide array of microorganisms, including many novel, phylogenetically deeply rooted taxa,
survive and thrive in extreme environments. These unique and reduced-complexity …

Bacteriophages have important roles in the ecology of the human gut microbiome but are
under-represented in reference databases. To address this problem, we assembled the …

Bacteriophage (phage) taxonomy has been in flux since its inception over four decades ago.
Genome sequencing has put pressure on the classification system and recent years have …

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in bacteriophages, which has led to
growing numbers of bacteriophage genomic sequences becoming available. Consequently …

Microbial and viral communities transform the chemistry of Earth's ecosystems, yet the
specific reactions catalyzed by these biological engines are hard to decode due to the …

Millions of new viral sequences have been identified from metagenomes, but the quality and
completeness of these sequences vary considerably. Here we present CheckV, an …

Bacteriophages drive evolutionary change in bacterial communities by creating gene flow
networks that fuel ecological adaptions. However, the extent of viral diversity and its …

CRISPR-Cas systems are found widely in prokaryotes, where they provide adaptive
immunity against virus infection and plasmid transformation. We describe a minimal …

The number and diversity of known CRISPR–Cas systems have substantially increased in
recent years. Here, we provide an updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas …