Environmental exposure plays a major role in the development of allergic diseases. The
exposome can be classified into internal (eg, aging, hormones, and metabolic processes) …

I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

The human upper respiratory tract (URT) offers a variety of niches for microbial colonization.
Local microbial communities are shaped by the different characteristics of the specific …

Allergic rhinitis (AR)—commonly called hay fever—is a widespread condition that affects the
quality of life of millions of people. The pathophysiology of AR remains incompletely …

Recently, multiple studies regarding the human microbiota and its role on the development
of disease have emerged. Current research suggests that the nasal cavity is a major …

All body surfaces are exposed to a wide variety of microbes, which significantly influence
immune reactivity within the host. This review provides an update on some of the critical …

As the first line of defense against risk factors, the nasal epithelial barrier maintains
homeostasis in nasal mucosa. The composition of the epithelial barrier contains physical …

Perturbation of the microbiome has numerous associations with the phenotypes and
progression in chronic airways disease. However, the differences in the nasal microbiome in …

• Read the article and reflect on all content as to how it may be applicable to your practice.•
Complete the post-test/evaluation and claim credit earned. At this time, physicians will have …

The pathogenesis of nasal inflammatory diseases is related to various factors such as
anatomical structure, heredity, and environment. The nasal microbiota play a key role in …