Potassium (K) is an essential element for the growth and development of plants; however, its
scarcity or excessive level leads to distortion of numerous functions in plants. It takes part in …

Abstract Nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) are essential macronutrients for
plant growth and development, and their availability affects crop yield. Compared with N, the …

Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops.
Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion …

The transient elevation of cytoplasmic calcium is essential for pathogen-associated
molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). However, the calcium channels …

Crop diseases threaten food security and sustainable agriculture. Consumption of crops
containing nonessential toxic metals leads to health risks for humans. Therefore, cultivation …

The ability to secrete effector proteins that can enter plant cells and manipulate host
processes is a key determinant of what makes a successful plant pathogen. Here, we review …

Rice blast and bacterial blight, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and the bacterium
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), respectively, are devastating diseases affecting rice …

Fungal pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors, some of which are known to promote
host susceptibility. This biological complexity, together with the lack of genetic tools in some …

To successfully infect plants, pathogens secrete effector proteins to the plant apoplast or
inside plant cells, where they suppress plant immunity or interfere with other cellular …

During effector-triggered immunity (ETI) against the devastating rice blast pathogen
Magnaporthe oryzae, Pi9 functions as an intracellular resistance protein sensing the …